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buy subutex Australia A series of Internet searches were conducted. Twenty searches were performed on two different search engines. The first 100 results of each search were classified into categories based on content. All Internet pharmacies were searched for buprenorphine preparations and if available, sites were examined to determine if a prescription was required for purchase, for the cost of buprenorphine, the geographical origin of the pharmacy, and evidence of validation by an online pharmacy verification service.

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Of the 2,000 links examined, 1422 were unique. Six percent of links were to illicit commercial sites, 2% were to legitimate commercial sites, and 2% were to illicit portal sites, which contained links to many illicit commercial sites. Twenty pharmacies offering buprenorphine for purchase without a prescription were identified. The monthly cost of a typical starting dose of 2 mg buprenorphine daily ranged between $232 and $1,163 USD. No pharmacies were listed by online pharmacy verification services.

Conclusion

Twenty online pharmacies advertising buprenorphine formulations for sale without a prescription were identified. Prices varied widely between illicit pharmacies but were uniformly more expensive than legitimate pharmacies. Illicitly obtained buprenorphine formulations appear to be relatively inaccessible and at high cost on the Internet.

Keywords: buprenorphine, Substance-Related Disorders, Internet, pharmacies

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Illicit use of buprenorphine is increasingly recognized worldwide (Yokell et al., 2011). Obtaining buprenorphine from friends or buying it on the streets is commonly reported (Bazazi et al., 2011; Daniulaityte et al., 2012; Monte et al., 2009). However, it is unclear whether the Internet represents a potential source of buprenorphine. Previous research has documented that prescription opioids other than buprenorphine are available illicitly through the Internet (Forman, 2003, 2006; United States General Accounting Office, 2004), but studies examining buprenorphine’s availability through the Internet are few. We are also unaware of any studies documenting the availability of the buprenorphine/naloxone co-formulation, thought to have lower abuse potential. To address this, we conducted an Internet-based prevalence survey to estimate the number of Internet pharmacies that offered buprenorphine for purchase without a prescription.